EIP-1559: An Upgrade to Ethereum's Fee Mechanism
EIP-1559 improved the predictability of Ethereum transaction fees through a dynamic base fee, fee burning, and an optional priority fee.
Background to the Upgrade
EIP-1559 was introduced with Ethereum's London hard fork in August 2021. Before it, users mainly bid to have transactions included in blocks, and fees could rise rapidly during network congestion. The upgrade redesigned the Gas-fee structure, focusing on making transaction costs easier to estimate and moderating fee volatility.
Base Fees and Burning
After the upgrade, the protocol automatically adjusts the base fee according to network use: it rises when demand increases and falls when demand decreases. This part of the user's payment is not given to validators but is permanently burned, reducing the circulating supply of ETH. That does not mean that the total ETH supply necessarily declines at all times.
Priority Fees
A user can voluntarily pay a priority fee, or “tip,” in addition to the base fee. The fee directly rewards the validator that includes the transaction in a block. During network congestion, a larger tip can increase the chance of priority processing, but it is separate from the base fee that the protocol determines dynamically and burns.
Original Tutorial
https://www.binance.com/zh-CN/academy/glossary/eip-1559
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