Introduction to Modular Blockchains
Modular blockchains split transaction execution, settlement, consensus, and data availability across different layers or networks to improve scalability and customization. They offer flexibility and interoperability, but also increase development complexity and still require more real-world validation.
Core Idea
Traditional monolithic blockchains typically have a single chain handle all key tasks, which can create trade-offs among scalability, upgrades, and node hardware requirements. Modular blockchains instead use a multilayer architecture, allowing different layers to focus on specific responsibilities. This improves system throughput and customization while seeking to retain security and decentralization.
Four Main Functions
Modular architectures typically separate four functions: execution processes transactions; settlement confirms transaction results and secures the destination address; consensus verifies transaction authenticity and coordinates the network state; and data availability stores and provides transaction data. Different layers can handle different functions, making the system easier to combine and adjust according to requirements.
Common Implementations
Rollups primarily handle transaction execution, then publish the relevant data to Layer 1。Validium They also process transactions off-chain, but rely on a proof-of-stake validator network and submit data to L1. Sovereign rollups handle both execution and settlement, with data blocks published directly to the rollup network without relying on L1 smart-contract verification.
Advantages, Limitations, and Examples
Modular design can distribute resource-intensive tasks and enhance interoperability among different Layer 1、Layer 2 allowing developers to choose suitable virtual machines and technology stacks. However, development and learning are more difficult, and real-world stress testing remains limited. Celestia focuses on data availability, while Dymension coordinates a network composed of RollApps.
Original Tutorial
https://www.binance.com/zh-CN/academy/articles/what-are-modular-blockchains
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