Parallelization: How Blockchain Processes Multiple Transactions Simultaneously
Parallelization enables safely concurrent transactions to use multiple execution resources, improving computational efficiency. The key is identifying state read/write conflicts and coordinating results; it does not mean assigning different transactions to different nodes, nor does it guarantee that fees will necessarily decrease.
Basic Principles of Parallelization
Parallel execution processes multiple transactions simultaneously without compromising consistency of their results. Solana’s official Sealevel explanation states that validators can use their multiple processing cores to run smart contracts in parallel. Therefore, “parallel” describes how execution resources operate; it does not mean that each node verifies only a portion of the transactions.
Two Models of Parallel Execution
Optimistic parallelization first attempts concurrent execution, then detects dependencies or conflicts and re-executes affected transactions. State-access-based approaches use information about which accounts transactions will read or write to identify potentially concurrent combinations in advance; common read-only access to the same data should be handled differently from cases involving write conflicts.
Efficiency, Scaling, and Fees
The degree of parallelism depends on dependencies between transactions, processor resources, and scheduling overhead. Transactions without conflicts can execute simultaneously, while transactions competing for the same mutable state require coordination. Parallelization can increase throughput, but merely increasing the number of network nodes does not automatically eliminate execution bottlenecks, and user fees remain affected by resource requirements and protocol pricing.
Original Tutorial
https://www.binance.com/zh-CN/academy/glossary/parallelization
Solana’s Official Explanation of Parallel Execution
https://solana.com/news/sealevel---parallel-processing-thousands-of-smart-contracts
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