Cryptography: Fundamentals of Protecting Digital Information
Cryptography uses mathematical and computational methods to conceal information, verify authenticity, and preserve data integrity. It is an essential foundation for secure communication and blockchain systems.
What cryptography is
Cryptography is the science of protecting information. Modern cryptography uses mathematical theory and computational techniques to encrypt and decrypt data, and also to verify that information is authentic and intact. It reduces the risk of sensitive data being stolen, altered, or impersonated even when that data travels across an insecure network.
The basic encryption process
Encryption converts readable plaintext into incomprehensible ciphertext. The recipient generally needs the corresponding decryption key to recover the content. The protection method and strength should reflect the importance of the data; for example, personal contact details and a cryptocurrency network face different risks.
Cryptography and blockchains
Blockchains use several cryptographic techniques to maintain a public ledger. Digital signatures verify transaction authorization. In Bitcoin, preventing the same funds from being spent twice also relies on nodes checking unspent transaction outputs, together with blockchain transaction ordering and consensus rules. Hash functions are involved in linking blocks and proof of work.
Original tutorial
https://www.binance.com/zh-CN/academy/glossary/cryptography
Bitcoin transaction and consensus rules
https://developer.bitcoin.org/devguide/block_chain.html
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