Routing Attack(Routing Attack) Learning Guide
Routing attacks do not directly damage blockchain protocols; instead, they manipulate data transmission paths on the Internet, causing node communications to be redirected, delayed, or isolated, thereby affecting network availability, ledger synchronization, and security.
Attack Targets and Basic Principles
Routing attacks occur at the Internet infrastructure layer. Attackers manipulate how data is transmitted between nodes to intercept, delay, or redirect network traffic. Blockchains rely on nodes to continuously relay transactions and blocks, so even if the protocol itself is not compromised, control over underlying communication paths may affect node participation and the system's normal operation.
Two Common Methods
Attackers can exploit the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP, which is responsible for routing between networks, to Border Gateway Protocol（BGP) publish false paths and direct traffic to infrastructure under their control. Partitioning attacks can cause groups of nodes to lose contact with one another while continuing to maintain their own ledgers; delay attacks preserve connectivity but slow the propagation of transactions or blocks, causing some nodes to operate based on outdated information.
Risks and Mitigation Approaches
After the network is isolated or delayed, nodes may accept different chains, increasing risks such as double-spending; a partition may also concentrate computing power on one side, reducing the difficulty of launching a 51% attack. Possible measures include increasing the diversity of node connection sources, monitoring for delays and routing anomalies, and encrypting communication between nodes to reduce the possibility of traffic being exploited.
Original Tutorial
https://www.binance.com/en/academy/glossary/routing-attack
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