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About BIBIBI Daily Digest Privacy & Account Security

For information and learning only. Not investment advice. Crypto assets involve risk.

© 2026 BIBIBI

Glossary

Terms33 shown

CentralizationAn arrangement that concentrates control, authority, and decision-making power over a system or network in a single node or a small group.
Delay attacksAttackers intercept and slow the propagation of blocks or transactions without completely severing communication between nodes.
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)A virtual machine running on Ethereum network nodes, used to execute smart contracts.
MempoolA temporary area where the node stores unconfirmed transactions while they await inclusion in a block.
Proof-of-Work (PoW)A mechanism in which miners contribute computing power to compete for the right to create new blocks, while full nodes validate the network rules.
Weak subjectivityNew nodes or nodes that have been offline for an extended period in a PoS network need to rely on information from other nodes to determine the currently active chain.
archive nodeA node that retains the complete blockchain history from the genesis block while also performing full validation.
full nodeA full node that can independently verify whether transactions and blocks comply with network rules and reject invalid data.
hard forkAll node operators are required to adopt the new network upgrade rules; otherwise, nodes will no longer be able to operate under the upgraded rules.
light nodesA node that relies on other network participants to provide data instead of independently checking all content.
nodeAn individual peer participant in a P2P network that can both receive data and broadcast data to other nodes.
objectivityThe capability of a new node to rapidly identify the active chain based on clearly defined rules and synchronize it with the system’s valid state.
peersOther network participants that connect to a node and relay transactions.
subjectivityA situation in which a node needs to obtain information from other nodes to determine which chain is currently active.
Full nodeA node that independently verifies blocks and transactions according to the network’s consensus rules; it is not the same as a miner.
Consensus mechanismA set of rules that governs how network nodes reach agreement on the state of the blockchain and the validity of transactions.
ForkA divergence in a blockchain network caused by a protocol upgrade or differing opinions among nodes about the rules.
Byzantine fault toleranceThe ability of a distributed system to continue operating when some participating nodes are dishonest or operate inefficiently.
Mining nodeA node that runs mining software, typically using specialized hardware to compete for block rewards.
Data pruningThe process by which nodes modify or remove witness data in transaction blocks.
Data Availability Committee (DAC)A committee composed of a group of trusted nodes responsible for confirming that data is stored correctly and accessible to network participants.
Data Availability Sampling (DAS)A method in which nodes randomly verify a small number of data blocks to probabilistically determine whether the entire dataset is available.
No-Execution SynchronizationThe node synchronizes using the final result from the block-level access list, without re-executing each transaction in the block.
Eclipse attackA network-layer attack that controls all network connections of a single blockchain node, isolates it from honest nodes, and manipulates the information it sees.
Horizontal scalingThe network adds or removes nodes in response to changes in demand to expand or adjust processing capacity.
State growthThe phenomenon of persistent data, such as accounts and contracts, continually increasing; overly rapid growth raises the storage and operating costs of nodes.
Listening Node (Supernode)A full node that is publicly accessible, can communicate with other nodes, and frequently relays blockchain data.
Network LayerAn architectural layer responsible for peer-to-peer networking functions, enabling nodes to communicate, exchange data, and participate in transaction validation.
NodeA computer that participates in a blockchain network, synchronizes data, and verifies related records.
Node OperatorA participant responsible for running machines that validate blockchain transactions and deciding whether to upgrade the system when the protocol changes.
Soft forkA backward-compatible software upgrade under which nodes that have not upgraded generally still consider blocks operating under the new rules to be valid.
Lightweight walletA wallet that does not run its own full node and typically relies on external servers to query balances.
Ex-dividend dateThe cutoff point that determines eligibility for an upcoming dividend; purchases made on or after this date generally do not qualify for that dividend.

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Definition

Data Availability Sampling (DAS)

A method in which nodes randomly verify a small number of data blocks to probabilistically determine whether the entire dataset is available.

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