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【Cardano Founder Rebuts Vitalik: Lattice-Based Cryptography Should Not Be Abandoned Due to AI Concerns】October 9, Cardano founder Charles Hoskinson posted a rebuttal to Vitalik Buterin's 2 days ago regarding post-quantum cryptography. Vitalik believes that AI accelerated mathematical research could weaken the concrete security of lattice-based cryptography (including ML-DSA、FHE) and said that Ethereum's Lean roadmap has therefore shifted to hash-only signatures; he also suggested increasing lattice-scheme key lengths by about 10 times and keeping encrypted notes in privacy protocols off-chain whenever possible.

Hoskinson said this assessment lacks a citable attack and cost model. The number field sieve cannot simply be analogized to lattice problems, and the parameters of ML-KEM、ML-DSA already account for decades of sieve and enumeration attacks; quantum attacks on ideal lattices have also not reached current module-lattice schemes. By contrast, hashes such as Poseidon, which Ethereum uses, have stronger algebraic structure themselves. Hoskinson believes that abandoning the deployed hybrid ML-KEM before an attack appears would instead keep traffic on classical cryptography for longer, intensifying the “harvest now, decrypt later” risk.